10 Questions about Prostate Cancer

Medically reviewed by Dr. Francis Ogbolu, Wilson Health Urology

Did you know that except for skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer found in men?

In 2022, the American Cancer Society estimates about 268,490 new cases of prostate and about 34,500 deaths from prostate cancer. So, what can men do to lower their risk for prostate cancer? Should all men be screened for prostate cancer?

Dr. Francis Ogbolu, lead urologist at Wilson Health Urology, answers 10 common questions about prostate cancer.

1. What is the prostate?
   The prostate is a gland found only in men that produces fluid that makes up semen.

2. What causes prostate cancer?
   On a case-by-case basis, we can never tell what causes a specific type of cancer. However, men who eat many fats, especially animal fats, seem to be more likely to develop prostate cancer. Fats can lead to higher levels of testosterone and other hormones that can contribute to prostate cancer.

3. How common is prostate cancer?
   According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), out of every 100 American men, about 13 will get prostate cancer during their lifetime, and about 2 to 3 men will die from prostate cancer.

4. Who is most at risk to get prostate cancer?
   Prostate cancer typically affects older men, usually those age 65 and older. Men who have a family history of prostate cancer also have a higher risk.

5. How can men lower their risk?
   The best ways to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer are to eat a balanced diet without excessive fat, exercise regularly and avoid tobacco.

6. What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
   Signs of prostate cancer and other prostate problems include the following:

• • Difficulty urinating
  • Frequent urination
  • Decreased force of urination
  • Difficulty starting or stopping urinating
  • Blood in semen
  • Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area

In addition, widespread bone pain can be a sign of advanced prostate cancer.

7. When should men be screened for prostate cancer and how often?
Men who have any symptoms of prostate cancer should talk to their doctor or urologist about being screened. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends men ages 55-69 who are showing no symptoms discuss the benefits and risks of screening with their primary care provider. The task force does not recommend screening for men age 70 and older who show no symptoms.

8. What does screening for prostate cancer involve?
   Screening for prostate cancer begins with a digital rectal exam and a test that measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen, or PSA protein, in the blood. An elevated PSA could mean that the person has prostate cancer or other problems related to the prostate.
   
   
9. Would patients diagnosed with prostate cancer see a cancer specialist or urologist?
   Typically, if patients are diagnosed with an elevated PSA, they would be referred to an urologist. Patients who are diagnosed with prostate cancer would be treated by a team of healthcare workers, including a urologist, cancer specialist and other care staff.
   
   
10. How is prostate cancer treated?
    Treatment of prostate cancer depends on several factors:

• Stage of cancer (I through IV)
• Gleason score of the prostate cancer (from normal cells to mutated cells)
• Overall PSA
• Amount of prostate cancer in the prostate
• Whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body

• Surgery to remove the prostate
• Radiation to treat the prostate and/or lymph nodes
• Therapy to decrease the testosterone level in the patient, which in turn reduces the growth of the prostate cancer
• Chemotherapy, in advanced cases of prostate cancer

To learn more visit, www.wilsonhealth.org/urology.